CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
In
this globalization era there is a lot of changes in our culture, because there
is no more gap between in the world to knowing about lifestyle, habits, and the
culture of the others country. The word culture has many different
meanings. For some it refers to an
appreciation of good literature, music, art, and food. However, for
anthropologists and other behavioral scientists, culture is the full range of
learned human behavior patterns.
Culture
is a powerful human tool for survival, but it is a fragile phenomenon. It is constantly changing and easily lost
because it exists only in our minds. Our
written languages, governments, buildings, and other man-made things are merely
the products of culture. They are not
culture in themselves. For this reason,
archaeologists can not dig up culture directly in their excavations. The broken pots and other artifacts of
ancient people that they uncover are only material remains that reflect
cultural patterns. They are things that were made and used through cultural
knowledge and skills.
When
many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings,
biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and
learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely
separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are
varied and widespread.
1.2
Problem Formulation
“What
are the cultural interaction between the Sundanese and the Javanese?”
1.3
Aim of The Research
In
this paper the writer wants to find out the interaction of two biggest cultures
in Indonesia, Sundanese culture and Javanese culture.
1.4
Problem Limitation
The
writer limited the problem of the study focus on the cultural interaction between
the Sundanese and the Javanese.
CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL REVIEW
2.1
Definitions of Culture
Culture
(Latin: cultura, lit. “cultivation”) is the complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Tylor – 1871)
Culture
may be defined as the totality of the mental and physical reactions and
activities that characterize the behavior of individuals composing a social
group collectively and individually in relations to their natural environment,
to other groups, to members of the group itself and of each individual to
himself. (Ruth Benedict – 1934)
Culture
means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the
human race and is successively learned by each generation. A culture is less
precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are
characteristics of a given society, or of a group of societies, or of a certain
race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time. (Margaret Mead –
1937)
As
a conclusion, a culture is a way of life of a group of people–the behaviors,
beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about
them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one
generation to the next.
2.2
Definitions of Culture Interaction
Interaction
is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one
another. The idea of a two-way effect is essential in the concept of
interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect. A closely related term is
interconnectivity, which deals with the interactions of interactions within
systems: combinations of many simple interactions can lead to surprising
emergent phenomena. Interaction has different tailored meanings in various
sciences.
2.3 Definitions of the Sundanese
Any
member of the highland people of western Java, Indonesia, distinguished from
the Javanese mainly by their language and their strict adherence to Islam.
First mentioned in the 8th century AD, they are one of the three principal
ethnic groups on the island. They once followed Mahayana Buddhism but converted
to Islam in the 16th century under the influence of Muslim trade. Sundanese
villages are ruled by a headman and a council of elders. Marriage, birth, and
death ceremonies conform closely to the Javanese pattern but are often mixed
with Hindu elements. Modern developments have tended to erase differences
between the Sundanese and other peoples of Java. The Sundanese number about 26
million.
2.4 Definitions of the Javanese
Any
member of the largest ethnic group on the island of Java, Indonesia. They speak
an Austronesian language. Traditional Javanese social organization varied in
structure from relatively egalitarian villages to the highly stratified society
of the cities; these differences find expression in the many Javanese styles of
speech still in use.
The
Javanese (Javanese Ngoko: Wong Jawa, Krama: Tiyang Jawi; Indonesian:suku Jawa)
are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java. At approximately
85 million people (as of 2009), they form the largest ethnic group in
Indonesia. They are predominantly located in the central to eastern parts of
the island. There are also significant populations in most Provinces of
Indonesia, in Malaysia, Singapore and also Suriname in South America.
CHAPTER 3
RESULT OF THE STUDY
3.1
The Cultural Interactions
a.
Share
accurate information about the cultures involved. Accurate information,
combined with frank discussions, can eliminate misunderstanding and
misperceptions that create barriers to integration and community building.
b. Get to know one another as individuals.
Over time, such human connection is highly effective at breaking down harmful
stereotypes about particular ethnic/racial groups or cultures. It calls
adaptation. For immigrant, in this case Javanese. They live in the different
situation with their life before. They have to adapt with new situation, new
people, new neighborhood. For instance: Javanese just came to Jakarta, they
have to report their arrival to the person who in charge in there, like RT.
They have to told their neighbor that they just move in and will stay there.
c. Raise questions, share concerns, and
engage in a dialogue. Ongoing honesty and candidness, though sometimes
difficult, are critical to creating authentic relationships. Concerns about
immigration, race, and other tough issues should be addressed head-on.
d. Build on the commonalities, but address
the differences. The focus should be on helping participants identify shared
interests and create shared experiences. At the same time, there should always
be willingness to constructively address differences that arise along the way.
They have to adjust theirself in social life interaction to prevent some
conflicts. For example: they sit and talk together in the meeting of
RT/neighborhood to decide something but, in the middle of it there must be a
different point of view. So that, there must be a person which have to control
it make sure that there will no conflict. Even there is, at least they can hold
it.
e. Establish trust and work together on
common issues. Effective programs not only help build trust over time but also
help Javanese find common ground. For some reasons their togetherness is a way
to make their life closer each other. For example: the natives sometimes hold
mutual aid to make their neighborhood clean, they also invite, ask the Javanese
people gather around and help them to collate their vision as a citizen there.
f. Competition. It is a struggle of an
individual or a particular social group, in order to gain a competitive
victory, without causing any threat or physical impact on their rivals. For
example: In one class, students vying hone and demonstrate its capability. In
the current test daily test or final exam. At that time, they compete in a
healthy manner to get the highest score.
g. Controversion. Is a form of social
processes that sits between competition and conflict. Being controversy among
others, the attitude is not happy, either secretly or overtly directed against
individuals or groups or the elements of a particular cultural group. For
example: In one instance, someone who works very well and finally obtain
success. But there are those who want success mentioned spreading false rumors
about that person so they can take over the person's success or dropped.
h. Conflict. Is a social process between
individuals or a particular group of people, due to differences in
understanding and fundamental interests, giving rise to a sort of gap or gaps
that block social interaction among those who fought it. For example: Conflicts
that occur between the Betawi and Javanese tribes. Javanese people banned from
entering their land. Sometimes this kind of conflict also happen in the little
community which they thought Javanese will merebut their land.
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
Indonesia
is a country with a great number of cultures and heritages that could be enjoy,
explore and need to know because it is too pity if we as an Indonesian never
enjoy our culture and heritage. Indonesia has more than hundred culture and
heritage that we haven`t figure out and it sometimes it still at the same
condition as before. Culture, ethnic, race, religion, and other riches of
Indonesia. With that diversity, Indonesia come united. Javanese to Betawi, Riau
to Aceh, and other interaction happen everytime. With a lot of interaction
happens, actually we don`t have to worried about our land. As long as we know
our tradition each other. Globalization era won`t let all of us forget what we
are at first.
From the explanation above the writer could
give an analysis that from one land or neighborhood we could learn all of
things that happen around us. From sharing, helping, caring, and loving we can
be as one even we are from different religion, ethnic, race, or culture. We can
come together as long as we cannot close ourself from the outside world. We can
filter out what we`ve got from the outside world and got great things to learn
as an interaction. So, interaction between humans is not only happen here but
also outside. Even other countries, cross the seas, even ocean. Interaction
happens everywhere, everytime, every single person, and every kinds of culture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sundanese
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_culture
(accessed on 2013.01.06)
http://anthro.palomar.edu/culture/culture_1.htm
(accessed on 2012.04.04)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture
(accessed on 2012.04.04)
http://varenne.tc.columbia.edu/hv/clt/and/culture_def.html.
(accessed on 2012.04.04)
http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html
(accessed on 2012.04.04)
http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/culture.html
(accessed on 2012.04.04)
http://www.answers.com/topic/javanese#ixzz2H4kDbMKz
http://asr97.blogspot.com/
http://dejbudianto.blog.com/
Liska Nurwulansari
12609804
4SA02
